Data Types

Primitive :

int : Range from -2147483648 to 2147483647 & size is 4 bytes.
- int number = 42;
char : Range from -128 to 127 or 0 to 255 & size is 1 byte.
- char grade = 'A';
bool : Can store true or false & size is 1 byte.
- bool isPassed = true;
float : Used for storing single-precision floating-point values & size is 4 bytes.
- float pi = 3.14;
double : Used for storing double-precision floating-point values & size is 8 bytes.
- double salary = 250000.75;
- Scientific Numbers : A floating point number can also be a scientific number with an "e" to indicate the power of 10:
- float f1 = 35e3;
- double d1 = 12E4;
void (valueless) : Represents a valueless entity & used for those function which does not return a value.
Wide Character : A character data type but has a size greater than the normal 8-bit data type. Represented by wchar_t. It is generally 2 or 4 bytes long.
- wchar_t test = L'ם' // storing Hebrew character;

Derived :

Arrays : Collections of elements of the same data type.
- int numbers[5] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5};
Pointers : Variables that store memory addresses. On 64-bit systems, a pointer usually takes 8 bytes.
- int* ptr = &number;
References : Alias for an existing variable.
- int &ref = number;

Functions : A function is a block of code that performs a specific task.

// Function declaration
int addNumbers(int a, int b) {
    return a + b;
}

// Function call
int result = addNumbers(5, 7);

User Defined / Abstract :

Class : Blueprint for creating objects, encapsulating data and methods.

class Rectangle {
public:
    int length;
    int width;
    void calculateArea();
};
Rectangle myRect;

Structure : User-defined composite data type that groups variables under a single name.
```
struct Point {
    int x;
    int y;
};
Point p1;
```
Union : Allows storing different data types in the same memory location. Only one member of the union can be accessed at a time.
```
union MyUnion {
    int intValue;
    float floatValue;
    char charValue;
};
MyUnion u;
```

Enumerations (enums) : User-defined data type with named constant values.

enum Color { RED, GREEN, BLUE };
Color myColor = BLUE;

enum day {mon=1, tues, wed, thurs, fri, sat, sun}

Typedef defined : A keyword used to create an alias for a data type. It allows you to define a new name for an existing type, making your code more readable and providing a level of abstraction

typedef int RajatInteger;
RajatInteger myNumber = 26;

// In modern C++ (C++11 and later), we can also use the `using` keyword to achieve the same result as typedef

using RajatInteger = int;

Modifiers :

short : Reduces the range of int (short int).
- short smallNumber = 10;
long : Increases the range of int (long int, long double).
- long bigNumber = 1000000;
unsigned : Represents only non-negative values (unsigned int).
- unsigned int positiveNumber = 100;
signed : Represents both positive and negative values (default for int).
- signed int negativeNumber = -10;

References :

https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/cpp-data-types/